Nautical glossary

English definitions — 168 terms.

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W Y

A

Aft deck

Zadná paluba

Also known as: aft deck

The upper surface of the hull aft, at the stern—the cockpit, steering area, and often a swim platform plus fittings for an outboard or dinghy. Unlike the stern as the rear face of the hull, the aft deck is the surface the crew walks on.

Related terms: Deck, Stern, Stern / aft part, Cockpit

All-round light

Svetlo viditeľné zo všetkých strán

Also known as: all-round light

A light showing continuously through 360°. Used when at anchor, on floating marks, and for special vessel conditions under CEVNI.

Related terms: Navigation lights, Anchoring

Anchor

Kotva

A device lowered to the seabed to hold the vessel in place. Anchor type (plow/CQR, Danforth, Bruce) is chosen according to bottom conditions — sand, mud, or rock. Anchoring is a fundamental maneuver in a bay and when waiting outside port.

Anchor chain

Reťaz kotvy

Chain or rode between the boat and the anchor. When anchoring, pay out adequate scope — in normal conditions at least three times the depth, more in stronger wind.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchoring

Anchoring

Kotvenie

Securing the boat with an anchor in open water. Requires choosing a suitable spot (sheltered bay, good holding ground), adequate chain length, and attention to neighbouring boats and the tide.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchor chain, Tide / ebb and flood

Anemometer

Instrument for measuring wind speed. On larger sailboats it is usually mounted on the mast; useful when planning course and reefing to judge heel and safe sail power.

Related terms: True wind, Beaufort scale

Apparent wind

Zdanlivý vietor

The wind actually felt on board — the vector sum of true wind and the vessel's own motion. On a downwind run, apparent wind may be much lighter or from a different direction.

Related terms: True wind

B

Backbone / keel spine

Chrbtica (kýlový nosník)

Also known as: backbone

Main longitudinal beam in the hull — the boat's load-bearing axis. Backbone damage indicates a serious structural issue; on charter, inspect for visible cracks near the keel.

Related terms: Keel, Hull framework, Hull shell / skin

Bareboat charter

Bareboat (charter bez posádky)

Also known as: bareboat charter

Charter of a yacht without crew supplied by the charter company — a "bare boat." The charterer sails with their own crew; the principal skipper must hold a valid skipper's licence recognised in the charter country (e.g. ICC or a national certificate). The charter company handles check-in, briefing, and handover, but no professional skipper or crew from the company sails with you. Opposite: crewed charter (company crew on board) or skippered charter (a hired skipper).

In listings and contracts the term is usually written in English as *bareboat*. It does not mean sailing without your own crew — you must provide the crew; the charter company simply does not supply one.

Related terms: Charter, Skipper, Yacht, Logbook

Batten (sail leech)

Vzpera

Also known as: batten

Stiffener in the sail leech; it maintains sail shape and prevents flutter. When inspecting, check that it is not broken or pulled out of its batten pocket.

Related terms: Mainsail, Jib, Luff

Beam

Rázvor

The greatest width of the hull, measured at right angles to the centreline. A wider beam generally offers more cabin space but changes how the boat handles in waves and wind.

Related terms: Hull, Draft / draught

Beam reach

Bočný vietor

A point of sail with the wind from abeam, at approximately 90° to the hull. Between close-hauled and broad reach; good boat speed, often with a comfortable heel.

Related terms: Close reach, Broad reach

Bear away / fall off

Odpadávať (odbočiť od vetra)

Also known as: bear away, fall off

Steering farther from the wind — widening the angle between course and wind (toward a downwind or reaching course). When bearing away, watch for a sudden increase in speed and heel.

Related terms: Run / running, Gybe / jibe, Course

Bearing

Námer

The direction to an object or point, expressed in degrees (true, magnetic, or compass bearing). A hand-bearing compass is used to measure bearings to a lighthouse, buoy, or landmark.

Often displayed as "bearing" in GPS navigation apps.

Related terms: Compass, Course

Beating / tacking to windward

Lavírovanie

Also known as: beating

Working a sailboat to windward — a series of tacks toward your destination on the windward side. On charter, allow extra time and crew; beating in narrow channels requires attention to other traffic.

Related terms: Close-hauled / beating, Tack, Gybe / jibe

Beaufort scale

Beaufortova stupnica

A 0–12 scale for estimating wind force from the appearance of the sea and its effects on a vessel. Commonly used in marine weather forecasts (e.g. "wind 4–5 Bft").

Related terms: True wind

Bimini top

Bimini (slnečný prístrešok)

Canvas shade over the cockpit against sun and rain. Check the fabric, seams, and frame fittings — it ages quickly in sunlight.

Related terms: Cockpit, Deck

Block / pulley

Kladka

Rigging hardware that provides mechanical advantage and changes the direction of a line. Commonly used on halyards and sheets.

Related terms: Rigging, Winch

Boat hook

Lodný hák

A pole with a hook for catching lines, buoys or dock fixtures from the deck. Does not replace hands during dangerous manoeuvres in harbour.

Related terms: Anchor, Harbour / port

Boat trim / tuning

Trim lode

Also known as: trim

Balancing the boat and setting the sails according to wind direction and speed. Good trim reduces heel and increases comfort — on charter it is managed mainly by crew positioning and sheet length.

Related terms: Sheet, Luff, Rudder

Boom

Rahno

A horizontal pivoting spar attached to the mast that supports the foot of the mainsail. During a tack or gybe, the boom sweeps quickly across the deck — crew coordination is essential.

Related terms: Mainsail, Sheet, Gybe / jibe

Boom vang / kicker

Kiking

Also known as: boom vang, kicker

Tackle or strut that prevents the boom from lifting and helps maintain mainsail shape. A slack boom vang worsens trim and can cause unexpected heeling in a gust.

Related terms: Boom, Sheet, Gooseneck

Bora

Bóra (bura)

A strong, sudden cold wind blowing from land onto the Adriatic — typically from the northeast (NE) through gaps in the coastal mountains. It can arrive with little warning on synoptic charts. **What it does to the sea:** short, steep waves (choppy confused sea), cold surface water, and sudden visibility reduction from dust. The anchor may drag and the boat will jerk on the rode. In harbor, strong gusty winds from aloft — secure fenders, lines, and rigging.

Bow

Prova

Also known as: bow

The forward part of a vessel; its foremost end. On sailboats, ground tackle, the anchor chain, and roller-furling headsail gear are typically located here.

In Slovak nautical usage, prova is the established term for the bow (not "príď" as a noun). Memory aid: bow = prova (forward part of the boat).

Related terms: Bow / fore part, Foredeck, Stern, Port, Starboard

Bow / fore part

Predok (predná časť)

Also known as: fore

The forward part or forward side of something. For vessels, synonymous with the bow; a somewhat broader term than bow alone, but widely used in sailing instruction and everyday speech aboard.

In nautical use, always means the forward end of the vessel — synonymous with bow.

Related terms: Bow, Foredeck, Stern

Bow thruster

Predná manévrovacia vrtuľa

Also known as: bow thruster

A lateral propeller in the bow to assist with anchoring and maneuvering in tight quarters. Test briefly in both directions — do not run the drive for longer than about 10 seconds.

Related terms: Rudder, Harbour / port

Broad reach

Zadobočný vietor

A point of sail with the wind from the aft quarter, blowing diagonally from astern. Often the fastest and most comfortable course; frequently sailed with a spinnaker or a poled-out headsail.

Related terms: Beam reach, Run / running

Bruce / claw anchor

Kotva Bruce

An anchor with curved claws — more versatile across varying seabeds than a Danforth, though less common on charter boats than a plow/CQR.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchoring

C

Cam cleat

Curry svorka (cam cleat)

Also known as: cam cleat

Spring-loaded cleat for quickly securing a line between two cam jaws. Common on shrouds and spinnaker sheets; inspect the grooves for wear and check that the line does not slip.

Related terms: Block / pulley, Sheet, Rigging

Cardinal mark

Kardinálna bója

Floating navigation mark indicating the safe side to pass around an obstacle (rock, reef). Four cardinal directions: north (two cones point up), east (two cones base to base), south (two cones point down), west (two cones point to point). Colours: black and yellow bands according to direction.

Related terms: Lateral mark, Anchoring

Catamaran

Katamaran

A vessel with two parallel hulls. More stable when heeled than a monohull, often with greater interior space; anchoring and harbour manoeuvres differ because of the greater beam.

Related terms: Hull, Beam

Chain gypsy

Kotevný orech

Also known as: gypsy

The grooved wheel on the windlass that guides the chain. A worn gypsy can cause the chain to jump during hauling.

Related terms: Windlass, Anchor chain

Chart plotter

Ploter

Electronic navigation instrument displaying the vessel's position on a digital nautical chart. Combines GPS/GNSS with the chart, course, and often a depth sounder. Common on charter yachts as a substitute for paper charts—always cross-check against paper and visual landmarks.

Related terms: Position, Course, Compass

Charter

Hiring a boat for a holiday cruise. The most common forms are bareboat (without the charter company's crew) or with an external skipper. Check-in includes inventory, briefing, and signing the condition report.

Related terms: Bareboat charter, Harbour / port, Logbook, Yacht, Yachting, Skipper

Chine (bottom edge)

Útor

Also known as: chine

Longitudinal edge between the bottom and the hull side. Less pronounced on flatter hulls; on sharper hulls it affects behaviour when heeled and in a chop.

Related terms: Gunwale / deck edge, Hull, Draft / draught

Cleat

Zásek (cleat)

Also known as: cleat, cam cleat

A metal or plastic fitting for tying off or securing a line. On a charter, check cam cleats for worn teeth — lines may then slip under load.

Related terms: Sheet, Mooring (alongside / buoy)

Close reach

Predobočný vietor

A point of sail between close-hauled and beam reach, with the wind from the forward quarter. Less heel than when close-hauled.

Related terms: Close-hauled / beating, Beam reach

Close-hauled / beating

Kurz proti vetru

Sailing as close to the wind as possible, typically within about 45° of the apparent wind. Reaching an upwind destination requires a series of tacks.

Related terms: Tack, Windward

Cockpit

Kokpit

A well in the aft deck where the helmsman stands and some control lines are handled (sheets, winches). A sheltered working area for the crew while underway.

Related terms: Deck, Aft deck, Tiller

Compass

Kompas

Instrument for determining direction toward north. A magnetic compass indicates magnetic north; you must apply magnetic declination (correction) according to the chart and region. Yachts also often have an electronic fixed compass in the cockpit.

Course

Kurz

The direction of a planned or actual passage, usually expressed in degrees from north (000–360°). Distinctions include compass course, course over ground (COG), and course plotted on the chart.

Related terms: Bearing, Position

Crew

Posádka

Everyone aboard except any passengers — sharing tasks (helm, lines, anchor, navigation, cooking). On a smaller yacht, everyone must know the basics.

Related terms: Skipper, Helmsman

Cutter

Kutter (cutter)

A sailboat with one mast and two headsails (jib and staysail), or two forward stays. Falls between a sloop and a two-masted rig in terms of foresail area.

Related terms: Sloop, Jib

D

Dacron (polyester sailcloth)

Dacron

Also known as: polyester sailcloth

Common polyester sailcloth — resistant to UV and moisture. On charter, inspect seams and reinforcement for wear, especially on older sails.

Related terms: Mainsail, Jib

Danforth / fluke anchor

Kotva Danforth

An anchor with flat flukes — holds very well in sand and mud, less reliably on rock. Often carried as a secondary anchor on smaller vessels.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchoring

Davits

Davits (spúšťanie člna)

Also known as: davit

Arms or a pulley system for hoisting and lowering the dinghy at the stern. Check pulleys, lines, and attachment points — worn davits are a common source of dinghy damage at handover.

Related terms: Dinghy, Stern, Aft deck

Day (CEVNI definition)

Deň (CEVNI)

According to CEVNI: the period between sunrise and sunset. During the day, day navigation marks are used instead of (or together with) night lights.

Related terms: Night (CEVNI definition)

Deck

Paluba

The upper surface of the hull where the crew move about. On a sailing yacht, the foredeck lies forward near the bow and the aft deck includes the cockpit.

Related terms: Cockpit, Foredeck, Aft deck, Bow, Stern

Depression / low pressure

Cyklóna (tlaková níž)

An area of low atmospheric pressure — bringing cloud cover, deteriorating weather, and stronger winds. On synoptic charts marked by isobars and a center marked "L".

Depth sounder / echo sounder

Echolot

Instrument that measures water depth below the keel using ultrasound. Displays depth in metres or feet; critical when entering shallow water or anchoring — watch the alarms.

Related terms: Draft / draught, Chart plotter, Position

Dinghy

Dinghy (čln)

Also known as: dinghy

Small auxiliary boat of a sailing yacht — for going ashore, anchoring away from the marina, or emergency communication. May be inflatable (RIB) or rigid. During checkout, also inspect the transom and the condition of the outboard.

Related terms: Harbour / port

Distress signal — need assistance (CEVNI)

Signál núdze „potrebujem pomoc“ (CEVNI)

Also known as: distress signal

Under CEVNI, these include among others: red pyrotechnic flares, slow repeated raising and lowering of the arms, circling a flag, and a series of repeated long blasts. All signal that a vessel in distress requires assistance — you are required to render aid if doing so does not endanger your own vessel.

Draft / draught

Ponor

The vertical distance from the waterline to the deepest part of the hull, usually the bottom of the keel. It determines where the boat can go—shallow bays, harbour depths, and mooring areas.

Related terms: Hull, Beam

Drain plug / scupper valve

Odsávacia klapka

Also known as: drain plug, scupper

Plug or valve for draining water from the deck or keel sump. Before sailing, confirm it is closed; after draining the cockpit, secure it again — an open drain means water ingress.

Related terms: Hull, Cockpit

Drift anchor / sea anchor

Dryf (drift)

Also known as: drift, sea anchor

A deployed sleeve-style anchor or sea anchor used to slow leeway in wind. Used when waiting for better wind or to reduce heel in strong conditions.

Related terms: Anchoring, Leeward

F

Fairlead

Fairlead (vodiace očko)

An eye or block that leads a line at the correct angle — for example a spring line or dinghy painter. A damaged fairlead can chafe or cut the line under heavy load.

Fairway (CEVNI)

Plavebná dráha (CEVNI)

Also known as: fairway

The part of a waterway that may be used for navigation under given conditions. On the Danube, it is the open water between the banks, harbours, and floating marks.

Related terms: Course, Harbour / port, Safe speed (CEVNI)

Fender

Fenders or bags hung on the side of the boat when mooring alongside a dock or another vessel. They protect the hull from scrapes and impacts.

Related terms: Anchoring, Harbour / port

Flares / distress signals

Svetlice

Pyrotechnic or electronic signals used in distress (Mayday). They have an expiry date; on a charter yacht, check the inventory and local rules for use in the charter country.

Related terms: Life jacket / PFD

Floating equipment (CEVNI)

Plávajúci stroj (CEVNI)

A vessel for work on inland waterways or in ports — such as floating excavators, cranes, and conveyors. When working, it displays special daytime signals (green double cones indicate the side free for passing).

Related terms: Floating installation (CEVNI)

Floating installation (CEVNI)

Plávajúce zariadenie (CEVNI)

A floating structure intended primarily for occupation or use rather than transport — such as bathing platforms, pontoons, houseboats, and floating boathouses. Subject to different anchoring and marking rules than a conventional vessel.

Foredeck

Predná paluba

Also known as: foredeck

The upper surface of the hull forward, at the bow—a crew working area for the anchor, chain, headsail, and anchoring. Unlike the bow as the forward face of the hull, the foredeck is a deck you move on, not just the tip of the boat.

Related terms: Deck, Bow, Bow / fore part

Forestay

Predný stojka

A stay running from the masthead to the bow. The headsail or roller-furling drum is commonly rigged on it.

Related terms: Jib, Mast

Forestay / jib luff tension line

Úpon

Line that tensions the luff of the jib or the forestay. Adjusting it affects jib shape and performance when sailing to windward.

Related terms: Forestay, Jib, Luff

G

Gelcoat

Gelcoat (ochranná vrstva)

Colored protective laminate layer on the hull. Minor scratches are common, but document deep cracks or peeling gelcoat at the keel or bow during handover — the charter company may charge for repairs.

Related terms: Hull

Gennaker

Genaker

Also known as: gennaker

An asymmetric sail sized between a genoa and a spinnaker, set for aft and quartering winds. On charter yachts it is often used instead of a conventional spinnaker because it is easier to handle.

Related terms: Spinnaker, Jib, Run / running

Genoa

Large headsail that overlaps the mast — standard equipment on many charter sailboats. On tacks it must be eased and trimmed smoothly past the forestay; in light wind it increases sail area.

Related terms: Jib, Roller furling

Gooseneck

Husí krk (gooseneck)

Also known as: gooseneck

A fitting on the mast that joins the boom to the mast foot. It allows the boom to pivot when tacking and trimming. When checking, verify there is no play or cracks in the fitting.

Related terms: Boom, Mast

Gunwale

Oderka (gunwale)

Also known as: gunwale

The upper edge of the boat's or dinghy's side. When coming alongside and working with fenders, the gunwale scuffs and gets marked. On small boats it is often the first visible sign of a bump.

Related terms: Hull, Fender

Gunwale / deck edge

Zvor

Also known as: gunwale

Longitudinal edge where the deck meets the hull side. On charter, inspect railing, fairlead, and fender mountings — the gunwale is a frequent scuff point when mooring.

Related terms: Deck, Hull, Chine (bottom edge)

Gybe / jibe

Halza

A maneuver bringing the stern through the wind — typically when running. The boom swings sharply across the deck; without control it can damage rigging or injure the crew. Requires a controlled gybe.

Related terms: Run / running, Boom

H

Halyard

Výťah

A line used to raise and lower a sail on the mast or forestay. The main halyard hoists the mainsail; the jib halyard hoists the jib or genoa.

Related terms: Mainsail, Jib, Winch

Hand bearing compass

Námerový kompas

Hand-held compass for taking bearings on a lighthouse, buoy, headland, or another vessel. Held in the hand or braced against the deck; often with an integrated optical sight. Unlike a fixed compass, it is used for directional bearings to objects, not for steering a course.

Related terms: Compass, Bearing, Chart plotter

Harbour / port

Prístav

A sheltered place for anchoring, refuelling, and clearing vessels. A marina is an organised harbour with mooring buoys or pontoons for recreational boats.

Related terms: Anchoring, Fender, Charter

Hatch

Lukna (hatch)

Also known as: hatch

A closable opening in the deck or hull — access to the cabin, locker, or engine compartment. Check the seal and lock operation; a leaking hatch is a common cause of water in the interior.

Related terms: Cockpit, Hull

Heave to

Zastavenie v driftu (heave to)

A maneuver in which the boat slows and holds a roughly steady position to windward — using a combination of rudder and sail trim. Used to give the crew a break, eat, or wait for better weather.

Related terms: Tack, Close-hauled / beating

Helmsman

Kormidelník

Person at the helm, holding the tiller or wheel and keeping course according to the skipper's instructions. During harbour manoeuvres, often rotates with crew handling the lines.

Related terms: Rudder, Skipper

High pressure / anticyclone

Anticyklóna (tlaková výš)

An area of high atmospheric pressure — usually clearer weather, lighter winds, and more stable conditions. On charts the center is marked "H". The opposite of a low-pressure system (depression).

Related terms: Depression / low pressure, Sea breeze

Horn cleat

Rohatka (klinová zarážka)

Also known as: horn cleat

Horn-shaped cleat for securing a line. On a charter, check that it is not loose in the deck and that the line is belayed with the correct number of turns (figure-eight hitch).

Related terms: Anchoring, Fender, Fairlead

Hull

Trup

The main watertight structure of the vessel — the body of the boat excluding the mast, sails, and superstructure. Hull material (fiberglass, aluminium, steel, or wood) affects weight, maintenance, and durability.

Related terms: Draft / draught, Beam

Hull framework

Kostra (lode)

Load-bearing hull structure formed by frames and longitudinals. It maintains the shape of the hull skin; damage appears as cracks or deformation of the deck and sides.

Related terms: Backbone / keel spine, Hull shell / skin, Hull

Hull shell / skin

Obšívka

Also known as: shell

The outer shell of the hull — the skin that separates the interior from the water. During inspection, check for cracks, delaminated laminate edges, and impact damage.

Related terms: Hull, Hull framework, Backbone / keel spine

I

Isolated danger mark

Značka izolovaného nebezpečenstva

Marks a small hazard with safe depth all around. Black and red horizontal stripes, with two black spheres one above the other. Pass around it according to depth and the context shown on the chart.

J

Jib

Kosatka

Forward triangular sail set between the forestay and the bow. On most modern sailboats it is furled on a roller. A smaller jib is called a storm jib.

Czech often says "fočna"; on Slovak courses and in charter communication "kosatka" prevails. English jib/genoa are widely understood.

Related terms: Roller furling, Genoa, Tack

K

Keel

Kýl

Also known as: keel

Fixed structural fin beneath the hull that prevents lateral drift and helps keep the boat upright. On charter, inspect the area around the keel at handover — impacts with the dock or bottom are a common dispute point.

Related terms: Hull, Draft / draught

Ketch

A yacht with two masts — a taller forward mast (mainmast) and a shorter aft mast (mizzenmast). The aft mast often carries a mizzen sail. More sails and more complex rigging than a sloop.

Related terms: Mast, Mainsail

L

Lateral mark

Laterálna bója

Mark indicating the edge of a navigable channel in a canal or harbour. In IALA Region A (Adriatic, most of Europe): when entering harbour, keep red marks to starboard and green marks to port. At night: red light to starboard, green light to port.

Related terms: Cardinal mark, Port, Starboard

Lazy jacks

Lines above the boom that catch the mainsail when stowing. They ease reefing and flaking the sail on deck. Check for chafed or tangled sections.

Related terms: Mainsail, Boom

Leeward

Závetrie

Also known as: leeward side

The side or direction toward which the wind blows — downwind of the wind. When anchoring in a bay, a vessel is often positioned with her leeward side toward the shore, where fetch is reduced.

Related terms: Windward, Run / running

Life jacket / PFD

Záchranná vesta

Personal flotation device that keeps a person afloat. Required on board under regulations and charter terms; the rating (e.g. 100 N, 150 N) depends on distance from shore.

Lifebuoy

Záchranný kruh (lifebuoy)

Also known as: lifebuoy

A throwable flotation device for rescuing someone in the water. On charter, check that it is secured to the guardrail, that the reflective tape is intact, and that the floating line is long enough.

Related terms: Man overboard (MOB), Life jacket / PFD

Log (speed through water)

Log (meranie rýchlosti)

Equipment that measures the vessel’s speed through the water, in knots. On modern yachts this is usually an electronic sensor; the reading is recorded in the ship’s log.

Related terms: Course, Logbook, Position

Logbook

Lodný denník

A record of the voyage—time, course, position, weather, and events. Mandatory on larger vessels at sea; recommended on charter for reconstructing the route.

Related terms: Position, Course

Luff

Lufa

The forward edge of a sail at the mast or forestay. When the luff flutters, the sail is not properly tensioned — adjust course or trim the sheets.

Related terms: Mainsail, Jib

M

Maestral / NW Adriatic wind

Maestral

A regular northwest (NW) daytime wind on the Adriatic — the typical summer fair-weather breeze after conditions stabilize. Weaker and more pleasant than bora. **What it does to the sea:** moderate waves, cleaner water, and good visibility. Better for sailing and training than sirocco; when anchored in a cove, however, watch in the evening for a shift in direction when the maestral dies down and a weak land breeze may set in.

Related terms: Sea breeze, Bora, Sirocco / Jugo, True wind

Magnetic declination

Magnetická deklinácia (korekcia kompasu)

Also known as: declination

Angle between magnetic north (as shown by the compass) and true (geographic) north. The value varies by location and time—on a nautical chart or in GPS, the correction is given for you to add or subtract when reading the compass.

Related terms: Compass, Bearing, Course

Mainsail

Hlavná plachta

Also known as: mainsail

The largest sail on the mast; the main source of drive when sailing. On charter boats it often has reefing (to reduce sail area) or in-mast furling.

Related terms: Boom, Sheet, Halyard, Luff

Man overboard (MOB)

MOB (človek cez palubu)

Also known as: man overboard

Emergency situation in which a person has fallen overboard. Immediately shout "MOB", throw a life ring, press MOB on the chart plotter if fitted, execute a recovery turn (quick stop or Williamson turn), and pick up the person to leeward.

Related terms: Life jacket / PFD, Tack

Mast

Sťažeň

The vertical spar that carries the rigging and supports the sails. Mast height and position determine sail area and rig type (sloop, ketch, cutter).

Related terms: Rigging, Mainsail, Halyard

Masthead light

Vrcholové svetlo

Also known as: masthead light

A strong white light at the masthead, visible from ahead and 22°30' abaft the beam on either side (CEVNI/COLREG). Required at night on power-driven vessels.

Related terms: Navigation lights, Mast, Stern light

Mayday

Mayday (núdzové volanie)

The international distress call on VHF channel 16 when life or the vessel is in immediate danger. Say it three times, then give your vessel identification and a brief description of the situation.

Monohull

Jednotrupová plachetnica (monohull)

A sailboat with a single hull—the standard charter boat type, as opposed to a catamaran. When heeled, balance is assisted by crew weight.

Related terms: Catamaran, Hull, Sloop

Mooring (alongside / buoy)

Ukotvenie k molu

Securing the boat in harbour — either alongside a pontoon or quay (spring lines, stern lines), or to a mooring buoy (mooring line). At check-in, check the lines, fenders, and whether wind will push the boat against the adjacent boat.

Related terms: Anchoring, Fender, Harbour / port

N

Navigation lights

Navigačné svetlá

Lights required by COLREG to identify vessel type and direction of travel at night. On a sailing vessel: red to port, green to starboard, white stern light.

Related terms: Port, Starboard

Night (CEVNI definition)

Noc (CEVNI)

According to CEVNI: the period between sunset and sunrise. From this point, different requirements apply to navigation lights and signals than during the day.

Related terms: Day (CEVNI definition), Navigation lights

O

Outboard engine

Pomocný motor (outboard)

Also known as: outboard

A portable or fixed-mount motor on a dinghy or on a sailboat's stern. On a dinghy it is used for travel between the boat and shore; on a yacht it often serves as backup or auxiliary propulsion in harbour.

Related terms: Dinghy, Transom, Stern

P

Pinch / luff up

Stúpať (vyostrovať)

Also known as: pinch, luff up

Steering closer to the wind — narrowing the angle between course and wind. Pinching too hard causes the headsail luff to flutter and speed to drop.

Related terms: Close-hauled / beating, Luff, Tack

Plow / CQR anchor

Pluhová kotva

An anchor with a plow-like shape — holds well in sand and mud. Common on charter yachts in the Adriatic. May drag or fail to set on rocky or shingle bottoms.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchoring

Port

Ľavobok (port)

Also known as: port

The left-hand side of the vessel when you are facing the bow. At night it is marked by a red navigation light. Mnemonic: red port wine — port equals port side.

In racing and the rules of the road: "boat on port tack" means the vessel is sailing with the wind from port (the windward side is port). Mnemonic: port wine is red — red equals port.

Related terms: Starboard, Navigation lights

Port sidelight

Ľavé bočné svetlo

A bright red light on the port side, visible from 112°30' ahead to 22°30' abaft the beam (CEVNI). On charter, verify it is working before night sailing.

Related terms: Port, Navigation lights, Starboard sidelight

Position

Poloha

The geographical position of a vessel (latitude and longitude). Obtained by GPS, visual observation, radar, or classical navigation (log, bearing, dead reckoning).

Related terms: Course, Logbook

Prolonged blast (CEVNI)

Dlhý zvuk (CEVNI)

Also known as: prolonged blast

A sound signal lasting approximately four seconds; the interval between two prolonged blasts is about one second. One prolonged blast under CEVNI means “Attention” (warning).

Related terms: Short blast (CEVNI), Mayday

R

Radar reflector

Radarové zrkadlo (odrážač)

Also known as: radar reflector

Metal or plastic reflector on the mast or rigging that increases the yacht's radar return for larger vessels and VTS. On charter, check whether it is deployed or stowed according to regulations — a missing reflector may be noted at handback.

Related terms: Mast, Navigation lights

Reefing

Reefovanie

Reducing the area of the mainsail in stronger wind — a safety maneuver. On charter yachts, either reef points in the sail or in-mast / in-boom furling.

Related terms: Mainsail

Reefing

Refovanie (kasanie)

Also known as: reefing

Reducing sail area (reef) in strong wind. On charter, confirm reef points work and the crew can reef before entering stronger breeze.

Related terms: Mainsail, True wind, Boat trim / tuning

Restricted visibility (CEVNI)

Znížená viditeľnosť (CEVNI)

Also known as: restricted visibility

Conditions when visibility is limited by fog, smoke, snow, or rain. Requires reduced speed and the use of lights and sound signals as prescribed by CEVNI.

Related terms: Navigation lights, Safe speed (CEVNI)

Rhythmic light (CEVNI)

Rytmické svetlo (CEVNI)

A light with regularly repeating intervals of flashes, at unchanged intensity and colour. The characteristic (e.g. Q, Fl) helps identify a buoy at night.

Related terms: Steady light (CEVNI), Lateral mark

Rigging

Takeláž

The set of lines, tackles, stays and fittings that support the mast and sails and allow their adjustment. Standing rigging (shrouds, stays) is fixed; running rigging (sheets, halyards) moves when sailing.

Related terms: Mast, Shroud, Forestay, Halyard, Sheet

Roller furling

Rolfok

A system that rolls the headsail around a drum fitted on the forestay. Easing the furling line unfurls the sail; pulling it in furls the sail.

Related terms: Jib, Genoa

Roller furling

Rollovacia plachta (furling)

Also known as: furling

A system for rolling the sail into a foil tube or around the boom. On charter, verify the sail fully unfurls and is not jammed at the outset — a stuck furling system is a common handover issue.

Related terms: Roller furling, Jib, Mainsail

Rudder

Kormidlo

A flat blade at the stern that changes the vessel's heading. On smaller sailboats it is operated with a tiller; on larger yachts with a steering wheel or hydraulic system.

Related terms: Tiller, Helmsman

Run / running

Zadák (run / running)

Also known as: run, running

Sailing directly downwind — the wind blows from astern (following wind). In English, run or running (from *running before the wind*). Slower and harder to steer than a broad reach; sails are well eased. Watch for an unintentional gybe when changing course.

Do not confuse with broad reach — that point of sail is often the fastest and most comfortable. Do not confuse with beam reach — wind on the beam (~90°).

Related terms: Spinnaker, Gybe / jibe, Broad reach, Beam reach, Leeward

S

Safe speed (CEVNI)

Bezpečná rýchlosť (CEVNI)

Also known as: safe speed

The speed at which a vessel can stop or alter course in time within the distance required under the prevailing circumstances (visibility, traffic, depth). On inland waterways such as the Danube—including narrow charter passages—it is a fundamental CEVNI concept.

Related terms: Course, Navigation lights

Safe water mark

Značka bezpečnej vody

A buoy marking an area with sufficient depth for safe navigation from all sides — for example, the centre of a channel or a harbour entrance. Red and white vertical stripes; often spherical, or a white light with a long flash.

Related terms: Cardinal mark, Harbour / port

Sailing vessel (CEVNI definition)

Plachetnica (CEVNI)

Under CEVNI: a vessel that navigates solely under sail. If it also uses its own engine, it is classified as a mechanically propelled vessel — a distinction that matters for right-of-way and navigation lights in examinations.

Related terms: Sloop, Outboard engine

Sea breeze

Morská bríza

A daytime wind blowing from sea to shore — typical along coastlines in summer. After sunset it often gives way to a land breeze.

Related terms: True wind

Series of very short blasts

Rad veľmi krátkych zvukov (CEVNI)

Under CEVNI: a series of at least six blasts, each lasting approximately ¼ second, with intervals between blasts also approximately ¼ second. Distinct from a single short or long blast.

Sextant

Hand-held optical instrument for measuring the angular altitude of celestial bodies (the Sun, stars) above the horizon. Historically essential to astronomical navigation for determining latitude; today mainly a backup and training tool, not standard equipment on charter yachts.

Related terms: Position, Compass

Shackle

Šekel (shackle)

Also known as: shackle

A fitting that joins chain, rope, or rigging. Check that the pin or nut is secured — a loose shackle when anchoring is a common cause of losing the anchor.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchor chain

Sheet

Oštež

Also known as: sheet

A line used to set the angle of a sail to the wind. The mainsheet runs from the clew of the mainsail; the jib sheet from the clew of the jib. Easing the sheet = letting the sail out.

Related terms: Mainsail, Jib, Winch

Short blast (CEVNI)

Krátky zvuk (CEVNI)

Also known as: short blast

A sound signal lasting approximately one second under CEVNI. One short blast means “I am altering my course to starboard” when manoeuvring on inland waterways.

Shroud

Vant

A lateral wire or line (or pair of lines) that supports the mast against sideways forces. Together with the forestay and backstay, it forms the standing rigging.

Related terms: Mast, Rigging

Shroud / leech wire

Bočný steh

Steel wire securing the mast to the side of the sail or running along the sail leech. When inspecting, check for corrosion, tension, and terminal condition — a loose shroud or leech wire compromises the rig.

Related terms: Mast, Mainsail, Jib

Sirocco / Jugo

Jugo

Also known as: sirocco

A warm, humid south to southwesterly (S/SW) wind on the Adriatic — often bringing cloud cover, humidity, and reduced visibility. **What it does to the sea:** longer swell waves, increased chop, and a slower rolling motion. With prolonged duration, sea level rises and the tide may run higher; anchoring in open areas is hazardous. Humidity and light rain — watch for slippery decks.

Related terms: Bora, Sea breeze, Maestral / NW Adriatic wind

Skipper

The person in command of a sailing yacht — responsible for navigation, safety, and decisions. On a bareboat charter, the charterer/skipper is responsible for the entire voyage and must hold a valid skipper's licence recognized in that country.

Related terms: Helmsman, Crew, Bareboat charter, Charter

Sloop

Sloop (jednosťažňová plachetnica)

The most common type of charter yacht — one mast, one headsail (jib or genoa) and a mainsail. Straightforward for a small crew, and well suited to most week-long charters in the Adriatic.

Related terms: Mast, Jib, Mainsail

Small vessel (CEVNI definition)

Malé plavidlo (CEVNI)

Under CEVNI: a vessel with a hull length (excluding the rudder skeg and forward superstructure) of less than 20 m, subject to exceptions for pushed convoys and vessels carrying more than 12 passengers. Most charter sailboats fall within this definition.

Related terms: Yacht, Charter

Sound signal — altering course to port

Zvukový signál „Plávam doľava“

Under CEVNI: two short blasts. Used to signal a course alteration to port on inland waterways.

Sound signal — altering course to starboard

Zvukový signál „Plávam doprava“

Under CEVNI: one short blast. Used to signal a course alteration to starboard on inland waterways—important when meeting other vessels, for example on the Danube.

Spinnaker

Spinaker

Large, often brightly coloured sail used for downwind sailing on a run, with the wind from astern. Requires a spinnaker pole and a skilled crew; on charter boats it is often supplied as an extra sail.

Related terms: Run / running, Spinnaker pole

Spinnaker pole

Spinakerový peň

Horizontal pole extended from the bow to which one corner of the spinnaker is attached. It holds the sail away from the hull and maximises the sail area exposed to the wind.

Related terms: Spinnaker

Spray hood / dodger

Perzeník (krycia plachta)

Also known as: dodger, spray hood

Protective canvas fitted over the cockpit entrance, shielding the crew from spray and wind. On inspection, check zippers, seams, and attachment to the frame or deck fittings.

Related terms: Cockpit, Deck

Spreader

Sáling (spreader)

Also known as: spreader

A transverse rod between the mast and shrouds that spreads the shrouds and keeps the mast in column. A damaged or loose spreader can compromise the stability of the standing rigging.

Related terms: Shroud, Mast

Stability

Stabilita lode

Also known as: stability

A vessel’s ability to return to an upright, balanced position after heeling. It depends on hull form, weight distribution, rigging, and crew placement — on a charter, it strongly affects heel angle and onboard comfort.

Related terms: Hull, Keel, Boat trim / tuning

Starboard

Pravobok (starboard)

Also known as: starboard

The right-hand side of the vessel when you are facing the bow. At night it is marked by a green navigation light.

In racing: "boat on starboard tack" means the vessel is sailing with the wind from starboard. In international racing, right of way is asserted by calling "Starboard!"

Related terms: Port, Navigation lights

Starboard sidelight

Pravé bočné svetlo

A bright green light on the starboard side, visible from 112°30' ahead to 22°30' abaft the beam (CEVNI). Red to port and green to starboard is the basis for identifying a vessel's direction at night.

Related terms: Starboard, Navigation lights, Port sidelight

Steady light (CEVNI)

Stále svetlo (CEVNI)

Also known as: steady light

An uninterrupted light of constant intensity and colour — as opposed to a rhythmic (flashing) light. A fundamental term when reading night navigation marks and vessel lights.

Related terms: Rhythmic light (CEVNI), Navigation lights

Steering wheel

Kormidelné koleso

Also known as: steering wheel

A wheel used in place of a tiller on larger sailboats. Check play in the linkage and whether the wheel binds — critical during maneuvers in a tight marina.

Related terms: Rudder, Tiller

Stern

Korma

Also known as: stern

The rear end of the boat, at and above the rudder. The stern typically carries the rudder, a tiller or steering wheel, and often a swim platform.

For the rear area or direction in general, use aft. The flat surface at the rear is the aft deck. Stern marks the end of the hull.

Stern / aft part

Zadok (zadná časť)

Also known as: aft

The rear part or side of something (opposite of the bow or forward part). On boats and yachts: the aft part of the vessel—a familiar term in everyday sailing; in formal nautical usage, stern is more precise for the rear end of the hull.

In sailing, refers to the aft part of the boat; do not confuse with stern, which means the rear end of the hull itself.

Related terms: Stern, Aft deck, Bow, Bow / fore part

Stern light

Kormové svetlo

Also known as: stern light

A white light at the stern, visible over a sector of 135° (67°30' on either side of the longitudinal axis). Required on sailing yachts at night together with the sidelights.

Related terms: Stern, Navigation lights, Masthead light

T

Tack

Obrat

Also known as: tacking

A maneuver to change course by bringing the bow through the wind. The sails will fall to the other side; the crew must quickly release and trim the jib and adjust the sheets.

Related terms: Close-hauled / beating, Gybe / jibe, Jib

Tell-tales

Špiónky (tell-tales)

Also known as: tell-tale, tell-tales

Small pieces of yarn, ribbon, or light fabric attached directly to sails or secured on stays. They provide a visual check of whether wind is flowing correctly along the sail profile and whether the sail is trimmed optimally for the course. When trimming, watch the tell-tales — if they hang dead, the wind is not flowing efficiently over the sail.

Related terms: Luff, Jib, Sheet

Tide / ebb and flood

Príliv a odliv

The periodic rise and fall of sea level. A flood tide increases depth; an ebb tide lowers it. On the Adriatic the range is smaller than on the Atlantic, but tides still affect anchoring and harbor access.

Related terms: Anchoring, Harbour / port

Tiller

Kormidelná páka

A lever connected directly to the rudder on smaller dinghies and sailboats. The helmsman moves it to port or starboard to steer; a tiller extension is often used on longer passages or when sitting out on the rail.

Related terms: Rudder, Helmsman, Tiller extension

Tiller extension

Predĺžka kormidla

Also known as: tiller extension

A telescopic or removable lever fitted to the tiller, allowing the helmsman to sit on the side deck and still steer. On charter, check that it fits securely and is not cracked.

Related terms: Tiller

Transom

Zrkadlo (transom, zadná doska člna)

The aft transverse board of the dinghy, to which the outboard is mounted. During checkout, look for cracks, delaminated edges, and the security of the engine mount — a damaged transom is a common handback issue on charter.

Related terms: Dinghy, Outboard engine

Trimaran

A three-hulled vessel — one main hull and two side hulls. Stability comes from the beam between hulls; anchoring and marina maneuvers differ from a monohull.

Related terms: Catamaran, Monohull, Hull

True wind

Skutočný vietor

Wind measured relative to land — the direction and speed perceived by a stationary observer. Distinguished from apparent wind experienced on a moving vessel.

Related terms: Apparent wind, Beaufort scale

V

VHF radio

VHF rádio

Marine radio communication on VHF — for contact with a port, marina, or coast guard. Before departure, confirm channel 16 (distress) and your vessel's call sign.

Related terms: Mayday, Harbour / port

W

Winch

Vinča (navijak)

Also known as: winch

A geared drum used to tension sheets and halyards. On larger boats it is typically self-tailing and operated with a winch handle.

Related terms: Sheet, Halyard

Wind vane (masthead)

Koruhvička

Also known as: wind vane

Indicator of wind direction, usually mounted at the masthead. Unlike telltales on the sail, it shows the true wind direction from outside the sail, not the airflow along the sail profile.

Related terms: Mast, True wind

Windlass

Kotevný naviják

Also known as: windlass

An electric motor or manual mechanism for hauling up the anchor and chain. When hauling, always assist with the main engine — the windlass alone is not designed for sustained heavy load.

Related terms: Anchor, Anchor chain, Chain gypsy

Windward

Náveterie

Also known as: windward side

The side or direction from which the wind blows. A vessel sailing to windward has the wind ahead; between two vessels, the windward boat often has right of way in many situations under COLREG.

Related terms: Leeward, Close-hauled / beating

Wreck mark flag (red and white)

Vlajka potopeného plavidla (červeno-biela)

A red or red-and-white flag displayed on a boat or buoy in the fairway marks the site of a wreck. Stay clear of the area — there may be a submerged hazard below the surface.

Related terms: Anchoring, Depth sounder / echo sounder

Y

Yacht

Jachta

Also known as: yacht

A recreational vessel used for sport or leisure — distinct from a commercial ship or a small dinghy. May be a sailing yacht or a motor yacht. The term is standard in charter listings and recreational boating.

Related terms: Yachting, Charter, Monohull, Catamaran

Yachting

Jachting

Also known as: yachting

The sport and recreational activity of boating on yachts — including training, racing, leisure passages, and charter holidays. Not to be confused with the vessel itself (yacht).

Yachting refers to the activity; a yacht is the boat.

Related terms: Yacht, Charter, Skipper

Yellow anchor buoy (CEVNI)

Žltá bója kotvy (CEVNI)

Under CEVNI, vessels must mark anchors that may endanger navigation during daylight with a yellow buoy fitted with a radar reflector. In the vicinity of such a buoy, expect a line and anchor below the surface — keep a safe distance.

Related terms: Anchoring, Anchor, Radar reflector